ionic equilibrium notes pdf download for bsc notes 2023

Ionic Equilibrium Notes PDF

Free Ionic Equilibrium notes pdf are provided here for Ionic Equilibrium students so that they can prepare and score high marks in their Ionic Equilibrium exam.

In these free Ionic Equilibrium notes pdf, we will study the basic and advance concepts regarding the three states of matter. Derive the expressions for determining the physical properties of gases, liquids, and solids. Concept of ionization in aqueous solution, pH, buffers, and various applications of ionization.

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Topics in our Ionic Equilibrium Notes PDF

The topics we will cover in these ionic equilibrium notes pdf for bsc will be taken from the following list:

Gaseous state: Kinetic molecular model of a gas: postulates and derivation of the kinetic gas equation; collision frequency; collision diameter; mean free path and viscosity of gases, including their temperature and pressure dependence, relation between mean free path and coefficient of viscosity, calculation of s from ?; variation of viscosity with temperature and pressure. Maxwell distribution and its use in evaluating molecular velocities (average, root mean square and most probable) and average kinetic energy, law of equipartition of energy, degrees of freedom and molecular basis of heat capacities. Behaviour of real gases: Deviations from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor, Z, and its variation with pressure and temperature for different gases. Causes of deviation from ideal behaviour. Equation of states for real gases; van der Waals equation of state, its derivation and application in explaining real gas behaviour, Virial coefficients, calculation of Boyle temperature. Isotherms of real gases and their comparison with van der Waals isotherms, continuity of states, critical state, relation between critical constants and van der Waals constants, law of corresponding states.

Liquid state: Qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state; physical properties of liquids; vapour pressure, surface tension and coefficient of viscosity, and their determination. Effect of addition of various solutes on surface tension and viscosity. Explanation of cleansing action of detergents. Temperature variation of viscosity of liquids and comparison with that of gases.

Solid state: Nature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, Miller indices, elementary ideas of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, qualitative idea of point and space groups, seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices; X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, a simple account of rotating crystal method and powder pattern method. Analysis of powder diffraction patterns of NaCl, CsCl and KCl.

Ionic equilibria: Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale, common ion effect; dissociation constants of mono and diprotic acids. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions; derivation of Henderson equation and its applications. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle. Qualitative treatment of acid – base titration curves (calculation of pH at various stages). Theory of acid–base indicators; selection of indicators and their limitations.

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Q: How to download Ionic Equilibrium notes pdf?

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